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Structure of volcanoes
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/structure-of-volcanoes/Although volcanoes are often seen as being destructive they are also constructive. They add more land to the surface of the Earth and, when weathered, provide us with a nutrient-rich soil for agriculture.
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Sedimentary processes
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/sedimentary-processes/Sediments are formed by the breakdown (both physical and chemical) of pre-existing rocks, which may be of igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary origin.
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Sedimentary structures
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/sedimentary-structures/Sedimentary structures can be of either physical (e.g. wave action) or biological (e.g. disruption of sediments by animals) origin.
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Limestone caves
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/limestone-caves/Caves form in limestone (calcium carbonate), and occasionally in dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), when water containing dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) seeps into rock crevices and joints.
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Soils
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/soils/Soils are made up of three layers and are thickest where they are older and in warm and wet environments.
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Characteristics of sediments
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/characteristics-of-sediments/Sediments can be classified by their characteristics, which relate to how they have been transported and weathered and how far from their original source they have been deposited.
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Classification of sedimentary rocks
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/classification-of-sedimentary-rocks/Sedimentary rocks are classified according to the predominant grain size present, as well as by their mineral content.
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Concretions, Thunder Eggs and Geodes
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/concretions-thunder-eggs-and-geodes/Concretions are compact, often rounded, accumulations of mineral matter that form inside sedimentary rocks such as shale and sandstone or in soil.
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Volcanic landforms
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/volcanic-landforms/Each type of volcanic massif (structure) contains lavas, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions, but these differ in proportions and compositions.
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Magma
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/magma/Magma is hot molten mobile rock. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Magmas come out of active volcanoes as lavas.
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The 2021 Australian Geographic Nature Photographer of the Year
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