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Metamorphism
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/metamorphism/The word metamorphism comes from Greek and means 'change of form'. Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks whose mineral composition and/or texture has been changed by processes within the Earth.
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The Sydney Basin
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/the-sydney-basin/The Sydney Basin is a major structural basin containing a thick Permian-Triassic (290 Ma - 200 Ma (million years old)) sedimentary sequence that is part of the much larger Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin.
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Metamorphic rocks
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/metamorphic-rocks/Metamorphic rocks form because of changes in temperature and depth of burial within the Earth in a solid state without actual melting.
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Crystallography
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/what-are-minerals/crystallography/Minerals can be identified by the shape of their crystals: called crystallography. External crystallography measures the outside properties of crystals such as length of crystal surfaces and the angles between these surfaces.
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Plate Tectonics
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/plate-tectonic-processes/Since the 1950s, several discoveries have led to a new understanding of how the Earth works.
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Meteors and Meteorites
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/meteors-and-meteorites/Solid pieces of extraterrestrial debris (meteoroids) can stray from their orbits in outer space and be captured by Earth's gravity.
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Looking inside the Earth
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/looking-inside-the-earth/The internal structure of the Earth consists of three main parts, the crust, mantle and core. The division between the crust and the mantle is called the Moho.
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Sedimentary processes
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/sedimentary-processes/Sediments are formed by the breakdown (both physical and chemical) of pre-existing rocks, which may be of igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary origin.
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Limestone caves
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/limestone-caves/Caves form in limestone (calcium carbonate), and occasionally in dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), when water containing dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) seeps into rock crevices and joints.
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Soils
https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/soils/Soils are made up of three layers and are thickest where they are older and in warm and wet environments.
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Green Hills, NSW
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